Integrated hosted directory

ABSTRACT

Methods, systems, and devices for enterprise wide management of disparate devices, applications, and users are described. A cloud-based central server may maintain an integrated hosted directory, which may allow user authentication, authorization, mid management of information technology (IT) resources across device types, operating systems, and software-as-a-service (SaaS) and on-premises applications. IT resources for multiple and separate customers may be managed from a single, central directory, and servers may be brought online to allow access to the directory according to system loading.

CROSS REFERENCES

The present application for is a continuation in part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 16/043,786 by Bhargava et al., entitled “INTEGRATEDHOSTED DIRECTORY”, filed Jul. 24, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 15/482,522 by Bhargava et al., entitled“INTEGRATED HOSTED DIRECTORY”, filed Apr. 7, 2017, which are assigned tothe assignee hereof and which are each incorporated by reference hereinin their entirety.

BACKGROUND

Information technology (IT) and networking is increasingly leveragingremote servers and disparate resources. Organizations often rely oninternet-based IT infrastructures to serve employees and clients who maybe located around the globe. A single enterprise may utilize devices(including laptops, desktops, phones, tablets, printers, etc.) locatedon premise, within remote data centers, and hosted at remote, thirdparty owned servers (“the cloud”). Consequently, managing ITinfrastructure has become time consuming, labor intensive, and tedious.Additionally, many organizations are relying on a software-as-a-service(SaaS) based model for applications, content, and the like; and suchthis SaaS-based model does not lend itself to traditional on-premisesmanagement.

While the trend toward cloud and SaaS-based infrastructure has beeneffective on many fronts, it has introduced a number of challengesrelated to system administration and user authentication. The disparatenature of servers, devices, applications, and users has given rise toincreased networking complexity, security concerns, and poorinteroperability of resources. A central means of managing cloud andSaaS resources, and authenticating users for those resources may thusincrease the efficiency and productivity of cloud-based ITinfrastructure.

SUMMARY

Methods, systems, and devices that support a central directory forenterprise-wide management of disparate devices applications, and usersare described. Within a networked, cloud-based computing system, acentral server may maintain an integrated hosted directory, which mayallow user authentication, authorization, and management of IT resourcesacross devices types, operating systems, and SaaS and on-premisesapplications. Portions of the directory may be shared with or mirroredon various cloud-based and on-premises devices to increase access andusability by system administrators. Furthermore, IT resources formultiple separate customers may be managed from a single, centraldirectory, and servers may be brought online to allow access to thedirectory according to system loading.

A method of multitenant directory management is described. The methodmay include: accessing a directory at a central server, and thedirectory comprises IT resources for a plurality of customers;activating a first edge server of a plurality of edge servers;transmitting a first portion of the directory from the central server tothe first edge server, and the first portion of the directory mayinclude IT resources for a first customer of the plurality of customers;transmitting a second portion of the directory from the central serverto the first edge server, and the second portion of the directory mayinclude IT resources for a second customer of the plurality ofcustomers; activating a second edge server of the plurality of edgeservers based at least in part on a system load from the plurality ofcustomers; transmitting the first and second portions of the directoryto the second edge server; and authenticating a first user for access tothe first portion of the directory at the first and, second edge serversutilizing a first protocol.

A system for multitenant directory management is also described. Thesystem may include a central server, which may include a directory or ITresources for a plurality of customers, a directory server that supportsaccess to the directory using a first protocol, a console server incommunication with the directory server, where the console server mayprovide a user interface for web-based access to the directory, and anagent server in electronic communication with the directory server andthe console server, where the agent server may control server agentslocated on remote devices and may support agent access to the directory.The system may also include: a first edge server in electroniccommunication with the directory server, and the first edge server maysupport access to the directory using the first protocol, and may host afirst portion of the directory for a first customer of the plurality ofcustomers and a second portion of the directory for a second customer ofthe plurality of customers; a second edge server in electroniccommunication with the directory server and operable to activate if asystem load from the plurality of customers is greater than a firstthreshold and to deactivate if the system load from the plurality ofcustomers is less than a second threshold, where the second edge servermay support access to the directory using the first protocol, and thesecond edge server may host the first portion of the directory for thefirst customer or the second portion of the directory for the secondcustomer, or both; and an authentication server in electroniccommunication with the central server, where the authentication servermay authenticate users from the plurality of customers for access to thefirst or second portions of the directory using a second protocol thatis different from the first protocol.

A central server for multitenant directory management is also described.The central server may include a processor, memory in electroniccommunication with the processor, and instructions stored in the memoryand operable when executed by the processor to cause the central serverto: access a directory of resources for a plurality of customers;transmit a first portion of the directory to a first edge server, wherethe first portion of the directory may include IT resources for a firstcustomer of the plurality of customers; transmit a second portion of thedirectory to the first edge server, where the second portion of thedirectory may include IT resources for a second customer of theplurality of customers; transmit the first portion or second portion ofthe directory to a second edge server, where the second edge server maybe operable to activate if a system load from the plurality of customersis greater than a first threshold and to deactivate if the system loadfrom the plurality of customers is less than a second threshold;authenticate a first user for access to the first portion of thedirectory at the first or second edge server base at least in part on arequest received from the first or second edge server; and authenticatea second user for access to the second portion of the directory at thefirst edge server based at least in part on a request received from thefirst edge server.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Aspects of the disclosure are described in reference to the followingfigures:

FIG. 1 illustrates art exemplary system that supports multitenantdirectory management in accordance with various aspects of the presentdisclosure;

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of an integrated hosted directory in asystem that supports multitenant directory management in accordance withvarious aspects of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a web-based console in a system thatsupports multitenant directory management in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary process flow in a system that supportsmultitenant directory management in accordance with various aspects ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a central server that supportsmultitenant directory management in accordance with various aspects ofthe present disclosure;

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a device that supports multitenantdirectory management in accordance with various aspects of the presentdisclosure; and

FIGS. 7-10 illustrate methods for multitenant directory management inaccordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A central directory for enterprise-wide management of disparate devices,applications, and users may allow IT system administrators toauthenticate users across device types, operating systems, on-premisesapplications, or SaaS-based applications. For instance, users (e.g.,organizational employees), devices, and applications may be populatedinto a central store via a web-based console. Permissions may beassigned for all IT resources (e.g., devices, applications, filesystems, files, etc.) within consoles, such that once populated, thesystem administrator may readily manage users and IT resources from asingle location. The console may also allow users to manage, through aself-service portal, certain functions like password resets, profiles,and certificate-based keys to IT resources to which those users havepermissions. The integrated hosted directory may thus reduce managementcomplexity.

Additionally, a single directory may host resources for severaldifferent organizations. Unlike traditional or pre-cloud directories,the integrated hosted directory described herein may provide formanagement of IT resources and users from different customersenterprises). This multitenant directory management may allow tearselective administration and permission granting between customers. Thatis, users from one customer may be granted permission to devices,applications, files, and the like, of other customers, providing asimple, seamless way of managing IT resources across organizations.

Aspects of the disclosure are initially described below in the contextof a system that supports multitenant directory management. Variousexamples of an integrated hosted directory and web-based console arethen described. These and other aspects of the disclosure are furtherillustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams,system diagrams, and flowcharts that relate to multitenant directorymanagement.

FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary system 100 that supports multitenantdirectory management in accordance with various aspects of the presentdisclosure. The system 100 includes a central server 105. The centralserver 105 may include a directory such as the integrated hosteddirectory described herein that may include IT resources for severaldifferent customers. An example of the directory is described in moredetail with reference to FIG. 2. As used here, the term customer mayrefer to an enterprise or organization, rather than an individual. Anindividual member or element of a customer may be referred to as a user.

The central server 105 may include a directory server, which may host adirectory, and which may support access to the directory using, e.g., aparticular protocol. In some examples, the directory server supportsaccess to the directory using Lightweight Directory Access Protocol(LDAP). The central server 105 may also include a console server, whichmay provide a user interface for web-based access to the directory. Insome examples, the central server 105 also includes an agent server thatcontrols server agents located on remote devices and may support agentaccess to the directory.

In some cases, the system 100 includes a number of devices 115, devices115 may be located physically near a customer and physically remote fromthe central server 105. Devices 115 may reflect replicated portions ofthe central server 105, but their location proximate to a customer may,as compared to an exclusively centralized system, reduce latency, reducedata transmission costs, increase quality of service (QoS), and thelike. Moreover, devices 115 may be scalable, such that additionaldevices may be activated (e.g., “spun up”) to accommodate and respond toincreases in system loading.

For instance, portions of the directory housed on central server 105 maybe reflected (e.g., transmitted) to device 115-a. Users may access thedirectory, or portion of the directory, at device 115-a utilizing thesame protocol as they would to access the directory at the centralserver 105 (e.g., LDAP). If system loading, as experienced at device115-a, exceeds a threshold, an additional device 115-b may be activated.For example, if a number of users attempting access exceeds a presetvalue or if latency reaches a particular threshold (e.g., a time delay,which may be on the order of tenths or tens of a second), device 115-bmay be spun up. By way of example, system loading, may be based oncentral processing unit (CPU) usage of device 115-a. If a threshold CPUusage exceeds a threshold (e.g., 80 percent of capacity), device 115-bmay be activated. In other examples, a threshold may be based on memoryusage, disk input/output (I/O), a number of customer request, or thelike. In such cases, the portions of the directory reflected on device115-a may also be reflected or transmitted to 115-b. If system loadingfalls below the threshold, or some other threshold value, device 115-bmay be taken offline. Alternatively, if system loading continues toincrease beyond a subsequent threshold, an additional device 115-c maybe activated, and the portions of the directory may be reflected to it.

Devices 115 may be any number of entities. For example, device 115-a maybe or implement a server, such as an edge server or a file server. Inother examples, device 115-a may be or implement a wireless device, suchas a user equipment (UE) or wireless station (STA). In yet otherexamples, device 115-a may be a processor which executes a softwareapplication, which may be housed in a wired or wireless device. Thesoftware application may implement a server, such as an edge server or afile server. Furthermore, system 100 may include different varieties ofdevice 115. For example, 115-a may be a file server, another device 115may be a processor, and yet another device 115 may be a UE or STA.

The system 100 may also support certain authentication, authorization,and management on the premises 120 of customers. For example,on-premises (or “on-prem”) server 125-a, which may be physically locatedon the premises 120-a of a first customer, may include a replica module130-a. Replica module 130-a may host a portion of the directory with ITresources of, accessible to, or managed by the first customer. That is,a portion of the directory hosted on central server 105 may be reflectedto replica module 130-a. This may be via an device 115, in some cases.The devices 126-a may thus, in some examples, be managed by and may beincluded in the portion of the directory hosted by replica module 130-a.Additionally or alternatively, the devices 126-a may include computingdevices of various types (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, notebookcomputers, desktop computers. servers, etc.), which may utilize variousoperating systems. Replica module 130-a may thus provide a familiar,local version of the directory, which may be securely maintained andreadily accessed by the first customer. As used herein, on-premises mayrefer to a server, device, or the like that is within the control of thecustomer. In some cases, this may include servers located in a remotedata center owned or controlled by the customer, which may be contrastedwith servers maintained or controlled by a third-party and accessible tothe customer via the interact (e.g., cloud servers).

Additionally, on-premises server 125-b, which may be physically locatedon the premises 120-b of a second customer, may include a replica,module 130-b. Replica module 130-b may host a portion of the directorywith IT resources of, accessible to, or managed by the second customer.Similar to replica module 130-a, a portion of the directory hosted oncentral server 105 may be reflected to replica module 130-b. But theseportions may be different (e.g., include different users, IT resources,etc.). The devices 126-b may be managed by and may be included in theportion of the directory hosted by replica module 130-b. Additionally oralternatively, the devices 126-6 may include computing devices ofvarious types (e.g., mobile phones, tablets, notebook computers, desktopcomputers, servers, etc.), which may utilize various operating systems

In some cases, system 100 includes a single-sign-on (SSO) server 140.The SSO server 140 may provide access to, or may be represented in thedirectory. The SSO server 140 may facilitate assertion of a user'sidentity to a third party using,, for instance, an authenticationprotocol, such as Security Markup Language (SAML), OpenID, OAuth, or thelike. Thus, users who have been authenticated at the central server 105(or an device 115, replica module 130, etc.) may gain access tothird-party applications, websites, content, or the like, without thenecessity of an additional credentialing process. That is, a userauthorized by the system 100 may avoid entering login credentials withcertain trusted and trusting third parties. In some cases, the SSOserver 140 may facilitate access to the central server 105, thus thedirectory hosted there, without the necessity of further userauthentication. For instance, a user authenticated by a trusted thirdparty rutty gain access to the central server without the necessity offurther credentialing.

In some examples, system 100 includes a separate authentication server145. The authentication server 145 may authenticate users from variouscustomers to the central server 105. For example, a user may access theauthentication server with a device, and may authenticate with theauthentication server 145. This may involve the user entering a usernameand password. This authentication process may include the authenticationserver 145 exchanging a ticket or key with a device of the user. Theuser may then access the central server 105 or an device 115, forinstance, based on the authentication with the authentication server145, which may include the user's device exchanging the ticket or key.In some examples, the authentication server 145 utilizes Kerberos tofacilitate authentication. In some examples, the central server 105 ordevices 115 may also employ Kerberos.

As mentioned above, aspects of the system 100 may be accessible by andmanaged through a web-based console 155. The console may include or be auser interface that provides access to maintain a directory, or portionsof the directory, hosted on central server 105. As depicted in theexample of FIG. 1, the console 155 may provide remote access to thecentral server 105 via an Internet connection and, for instance, awireless access point 156. Those skilled in the art will recognize,however, that because central server 105 may be a cloud server, remoteaccess to central server 105 may be achieved in a variety of ways. Asdiscussed in further detail with reference to FIG. 3, the console 155may allow an IT system administrator to manage user permissions, monitoraccess to various applications or files, and the like. The console 155may be or employ a representational state transfer (REST) applicationprogrammer interface (API). The REST API may be used to search adirectory, query the directory, or provision users for access to thedirector via the console 155. Additionally or alternatively, the RESTAPI may be used for authentication to the directory via the console 155.

The system 100 may, in some cases, include access by a device 160hosting a server agent 165, The device 160 may be any type of computingdevice, including a server. Server agent 165 may be a software module(e.g., computer- or processor-executable code) that is configured to runcertain software on device 160. The server agent 165 may be equippedwith various submodules, including those for caching tasks or schedules,storing or registering user encryption certificates, or processing andexecuting commands. In some examples, the server agent 165 is capable ofexecuting any number of commands or tasks. For instance, the serveragent 165 may perform server functions related to user management, diskspace management, log monitoring, changing system configurations,sending and receiving entails, or identifying and neutralizing securitythreats. The central server 105 may allow the server agent 165 to accessa directory upon receiving a command via console 155. In some examples,credentials may be pushed from the central server 105 to the serveragent 165. The server agent 165 may be preconfigured to authenticate auser as though the user was directly accessing, or attempting to access,the directory itself. In such cases, when a user authenticates to adevice (e.g., console 155) where the server agent 165 is hosted, theserver agent 165 may accomplish the authentication independently,providing user access to the directory.

In certain examples, system 100 also includes a remote authenticationserver 170 in communication with an device 115. The remoteauthentication server 170 may authenticate guest users of virtualprivate network (VPN) users for access to the directory reflected at thedevice 115. For instance, remote authentication server 170 may provideaccess to a visiting user who connects to the system 100 via wirelessaccess point 175. Additionally or alternatively, remote authenticationserver 170 may authenticate users from customers described above who areoff premises, and are accessing the central server 105 via VPN. In someexamples, remote authentication server 170 employs Remote AuthenticationDial In User Server (RADIUS), or some other protocol that supportsauthentication, authorization, and accounting. In some examples, thecentral server 105 or devices 115 may also employ RADIUS.

The various elements, components, servers and devices of system 100 maybe connected to one another wirelessly or with wired connections. Insome cases, they are connected via the Internet. Communication betweenthe various devices may utilize Transport Layer Security (TLS). SecureSockets Layer (SSL), or some other security or encryption protocol. Asused herein, the term server refers to a computer or program in anetwork that provides services, including access to applications, files,peripherals, etc., to other computers or programs, or consoles within anetwork. As discussed below, this may include both software andhardware, and real and virtual machines. In some examples, a server is acomputer program that operates to support or perform tasks on behalf ofother programs, computers, or users. Further, as used herein, a servermay include a “rack” or enclosure housing computer hardware andsoftware.

The system 100 may thus support multitenant directory management. Thismay be accomplished, in part, with an integrated hosted directory oncentral server 105, which may facilitate authentication, authorization,and management of IT resources across devices types, operating systems,and SaaS and on-premises applications.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example 200 of an integrated hosted directory 202in a system, such as system 100 of FIG. 1, that supports multitenantdirectory management in accordance with various aspects of the presentdisclosure. The directory 202 may be stored in a directory server (ordirectory server module) 205 of a central server 105-a, which may be anexample of the central server 105 of FIG. 1. The directory 202 may be asystem, such as a software system, that maps, organizes, and connectsusers to IT resources, including servers, devices, peripherals,applications, file systems, files, and the like. In some cases, thedirectory 202 may be referred to as a directory service. The directory202 provides a system for allowing and maintaining records of whichusers are or should be allowed to access what IT resources, and whether,when, and by whom those IT resource were accessed.

The example of FIG. 2 illustrates one depiction of a directory 202. Thedirectory 202 may include fields or modules representative of users 210and IT resources, such as file system 215, devices 220, files 230, andinstances 235. The directory 202 may thus include a reference orreferences to IT resources. Additionally or alternatively, the directorymay be said to reference IT resources. For example, the users 210 may beusers associated with one or several customers. The directory 202 mayprovide a mapping to a file system 215 (or file systems) to which users210 have access. The file system 215 may, in some cases representapplications, such as SaaS applications. The users 210 may also bemapped to certain devices 220, which may be mapped to certain files 230to which a user 210 or devices 220, or both, has permissions. Thedevices 220 may be representative of devices 126 of FIG. 1. The files230 may be mapped to instances 235, which may provide details orinformation relevant to managing access by users 210.

The directory 202 includes an arbitrary set of fields and modules forpurposes of illustration. Those skilled in the art will recognize that adirectory may take on a number of forms and may include fields differentfrom those illustrated here.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example 300 of a web-based console 155-a in asystem, such as system 100 of FIG. 1, that supports multitenantdirectory management in accordance with various aspects of the presentdisclosure. The console 155-a may include a user interface (UI) 305,which may provide a portal for access to a directory, such as directory202 of FIG. 2. The UI 305 may include fields 310, icons, and the likethat allow a user to, interact with the directory 202. The fields 310may correspond or be associated with some or all of the IT resources(file system 215, device 220, files 230. and instances 235) of orreferenced by the directory 202. That is, a system administrator may,for example, navigate, identify, and manage the mapping of users to ITresources via the UI 305.

The UI 305 may provide real-time information about user interactionswith the directory via window 315. For instance, the window 315 maydisplay information about a particular user's permissions to accessvarious If resources. In some cases, the window 315 may also provideinformation about current and historic uses of such IT resources.Various devices, applications, security issues, and the like, related toa particular user may thus be monitored and managed via UI 305.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary process flow 400 in a system, such assystem 100 of FIG. 1. that supports multitenant directory management inaccordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The processflow 400 may include a central server 105-b. devices 115, anauthentication server 145-a, on-premises server 125-c, console 155-b,SSO server 140-b, a remote (e.g., server-agent hosting) device 160-a,and users 405. Each of these may examples of corresponding devices,entities, and the like, described with reference to FIGS. 1-3.

At 410, a directory at a central server 105-b may be accessed. Thedirectory may be as described with reference to FIG. 2, and may includeIT resources for a plurality of customers, such as customers havingusers 405.

At 415, a first device 115-c may be activated and, at 420, a firstportion of the directory may be transmitted from the central server105-b to the first device 115-d. The first portion of the directory mayinclude IT resources for a first customer of the plurality of customers.At 425, a second portion of the directory, from the central server 105-bto the first device 115-d. The second portion of the directory mayinclude IT resources for a second customer of the plurality ofcustomers.

At 430, a second device may be activated based, for instance, on asystem load from the plurality of customers. For instance, the systemload may exceed a threshold, as described above with reference toFIG. 1. At 435 the first portion of the directory, may be transmittedfrom the central server 105-b to the second device 115-e, and at 440 thesecond portion of the directory may be transmitted from the centralserver 105-b to the second device 115-e.

At 445, a first user 405 may be authenticated for access to the firstportion of the directory at the first and second devices 115-d, 115-eutilizing a first protocol. The first user 405 may attempt to access aweb-based application using a device, for example, and the directory mayprovide a mapping of that user's permission for such access. At 450, asecond use 405 may be authenticated for access to the second portion ofthe directory at the first edge and second devices 115-d, 115-eutilizing the first protocol.

At 455, a third user 405 may be authenticated for access to the first orsecond portion of the directory utilizing a second protocol that isdifferent from the first protocol. This may include, at 460, the thirduser 405 accessing a remote authentication server 145-a, which maycommunicate with an device 115 or the central server 105 to facilitateauthentication. In some examples, the first protocol is LDAP and thesecond protocol is Kerberos.

At 465, the central server 105-b may identify a command received viaweb-based console 155-b and, at 470, the central server 105-b mayreceive a request for directory access from a server agent located on aremote device 160-a. The central server 105-b may, in response at 475,transmit data to the server agent on remote device 160-a in response tothe request for directory access.

In some cases, at 480, the first portion of the directory may betransmitted from the first device 115-d to a portion of an on-premisesserver 125-c of the first customer. As described above, the on-premisesserver 125-c may include a replica module, which may be described as anLDAP sync replica or LDAP gateway, and which may be a copy of the firstportion of the directory reflected at the on-premises server 125-c.

At 485, the central server 105-b may be in communication with the SSOserver 140-a to support identity assertion to a third party on behalf ofa customer of the plurality of customers. As described above, theidentity assertion may be on the SSO server 140-b accessing thedirectory on the central server 105-b, and the SSO server 140-a mayutilize at least one of SAML, OpenID, or OAuth.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example 500 of a central server 105-c thatsupports multitenant directory management in accordance with variousaspects of the present disclosure. The central server 105-c may be anexample of central server 105 described with reference to FIGS. 1-4, andmay include a directory server module 205-a, a console server module510, and an agent server module 515.

The directory server module 205-a may be an example of the directoryserver module 205 of FIG. 2 and may host a directory 202 (FIG. 2). Someor all of the directory may be accessible to other components of thecentral server 105-b. The directory server module 205-a may, in somecases and in combination with other components of the central server105-c, access the directory, transmit portions of the directory, andauthentication users for access to the directory, as described withreference to FIGS. 1 and 4.

The console server module 510 may, in combination with other componentsof the central server 105-c, identify a command received via a web-basedconsole, as described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 4. In some cases,the console server module 510 facilitates the operations described withreference to FIG. 3.

The agent server module 515 may cause the central server 105-c receive arequest for directory access from a server agent located on a remotedevice. In some cases, the agent server module 515, in combination withother components of the central server 105-c, may transmit data to theserver agent in response to the request for directory access and basedon the identified command, as described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 4.

The central server 105-c may include a processor 520, memory 525(including software/firmware (SW) 530), and a network communicationsmodule 535. The various modules of the central server 105-c may be incommunication via one or more buses 540. The network communicationsmodule 535 may be configured for secure, bi-directional communicationwith other devices, servers, and the like in a system, such as system100 of FIG. 1 via one or more wired or wireless links. For example, thenetwork communications module 535 may include a modern configured tomodulate packets and transmit them to, and to demodulate receivedpackets.

The memory 525 may include random access memory (RAM) and read onlymemory (RCM). The memory 525 may store computer-readable,computer-executable software/firmware code 530. including instructionsthat, when executed, cause the processor 520 to perform variousfunctions described herein (e.g., facilitating multitenant directorymanagement.). Alternatively, the software/firmware. code 530 may not bedirectly executable by the processor 520 but cause a computer (e.g.,when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. Theprocessor 520 may include, an intelligent hardware device, (e.g., acentral processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an ASIC, etc.).

FIG. 6 illustrates an example 600 of an device 115-f that supportsmultitenant directory management in accordance with various aspects ofthe present disclosure. The device 115-f may be an example of an device115 described with reference to FIGS. 1-4, and may include a firstcustomer directory module 605, a second customer directory module 610,and an nth customer directory module 615.

The first customer directory module 605 and the second customerdirectory module 610 may receive, host, and provide authenticated accessto first and second portions of a directory, respectively, from acentral server 105, as described with reference to FIGS. 1-5. Thepreceding description has generally discussed a first and second portionof the directory for first and second customers. Additional customersmay be supported by the directory (e.g., 202 of FIG. 2). Thus, in somecases, an nth customer directory module may receive, host, and provideauthenticated access to an nth portion of the directory from a centralserver 105.

The device 115-f may include a processor 620, memory 625 (includingsoftware/firmware (SW) 630), and a network communications module 635.The various modules of the device 115-f may be in communication via oneor more buses 640. The network communications module 635 may beconfigured for secure, bi-directional communication with other devices,servers, and the like in a system, such as system 100 of FIG. 1, via oneor more wired or wireless links. For example, the network communicationsmodule 635 may include is modem configured to modulate packets andtransmit them to, and to demodulate received packets.

The memory 625 may include random access memory (RAM) and read onlymemory (ROM). The memory 625 may store computer-readable,computer-executable software/firmware code 630. including instructionsthat, when executed, cause the processor 620 to perform variousfunctions described herein (e.g., facilitating multitenant directorymanagement.). Alternatively, the software/firmware code 630 may not bedirectly executable by the processor 620 but cause a computer (e.g.,when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. Theprocessor 620 may include an intelligent hardware device, (e.g., acentral processing unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an ASIC, etc.)

The components of central server 105-c and device 115-f may each,individually or collectively, be implemented with at least one ASICadapted to perform some or all of the applicable functions in hardware.Alternatively, the functions may be performed by one or more otherprocessing units (or cores), on at least one IC. In other examples,other types of integrated circuits may be used (e.g.,Structured/Platform ASICs, an FPGA, or another semi-custom IC), whichmay be programmed in any manner known in the art. The functions of eachunit may also be implemented, in whole or in part, with instructionsembodied in a memory, formatted to be executed by one or more general orapplication-specific processors.

FIG. 7 illustrates a method 700 for multitenant directory management inaccordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Theoperations of method 700 may be implemented by various servers anddevices within a system, as described with reference to FIGS. 1-6. Insome examples, one or more servers, such as central server 105, mayexecute a set of codes to control the functional elements of servers anddevices with the system 100 to perform the functions described below.Additionally or alternatively, the central server 105 may performaspects the functions described below using special-purpose hardware.

At block 705, the central server 105 may access a directory at thecentral server, where the directory comprises IT resources for aplurality of customers as described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 705 may be performed by thedirectory server module 205 as described with reference to FIGS. 2 and5.

At block 710, the central server 105 may activate a first device of theplurality of devices as described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 710 may be performed by thedirectory server module 205 as described with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 715, the central server 105 may transmit a first portion of thedirectory from the central server to the first device, where the firstportion of the directory includes IT resources for a first customer ofthe plurality of customers as described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 715 may be performed by thedirectory server module 205 or network communications module 535 asdescribed with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 720, the central server 105 may transmit a second portion ofthe directory from the central server to the first device, where thesecond portion of the directory comprises IT resources for a secondcustomer of the plurality of customers as described with reference toFIGS. 14. In certain examples, the operations of block 720 may beperformed by the directory server module 205 or network communicationsmodule 535 as described with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 725, the central server 105 may activate a second device of theplurality of devices based at least in part on a system load from theplurality of customers as described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 725 may be performed by thedirectory server module 205 or network communications module 535 asdescribed with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 730, the central server 105 may transmit the first and secondportions of the directory to the second device as described in FIGS.1-4. In certain examples, the operations of block 730 may be performedby the directory server module 205 or network communications module 535as described with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 735, the central server 105 or one or more devices 115 mayauthenticate a first user for access to the first portion of thedirectory at the first and second devices utilizing a first protocol asdescribed with reference to FIGS. 1-4. In certain examples, theoperations of block 735 may be performed by the directory server module205 as described with reference to FIG. 5.

FIG. 8 illustrates a method 800 for multitenant directory management inaccordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Theoperations of method 800 may be implemented by various servers anddevices within a system, as described with reference to FIGS. 1-6. Insome examples, one or more servers, such as central server 105, mayexecute a set of codes to control the functional elements of servers anddevices with the system 100 to perform the functions described below.Additionally or alternatively, the central server 105 may performaspects the functions described below using special-purpose hardware.The method 800 may also incorporate aspects of method 700 of FIG. 7.

At block 805, the central server 105 may access a directory at thecentral server. where the directory comprises IT resources for aplurality of customers as described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 805 may be performed by thedirectory server module 205 as described with reference to FIGS. 2 and5.

At block 810, the central server 105 may activate a first device of theplurality of devices as described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 810 may be performed by thedirectory server module 205 as described with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 815, the central server 105 may transmit a first portion of thedirectory from the central server to the first device, where the firstportion of the directory includes IT resources for a first customer ofthe plurality of customers as described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 815 may be performed by thedirectory server module 205 or network communications module 535 asdescribed with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 820, the central server 105 may transmit a second portion ofthe directory from the central server to the first device, where thesecond portion of the directory comprises IT resources for a secondcustomer of the plurality of customers as described with reference toFIGS. 1-4. In certain examples, the operations of block 820 may beperformed by the directory server module 205 or network communicationsmodule 535 as described with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 825, the central server 105 may activate a second device of theplurality of devices based at least in part on a system load front theplurality of customers as described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 825 may be performed by thedirectory server module 205 or network communications module 535 asdescribed with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 830, the central server 105 may transmit the first and secondportions of the directory to the second device as described in FIGS.1-4. In certain examples, the operations of block 830 may be performedby the directory server module 205 or network communications module 535as described with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 835, the central server 105 or one or more devices 115 mayauthenticate a first user for access to the first portion of thedirectory at the first and second devices utilizing a first protocol asdescribed with reference to FIGS. 1-4. In certain examples, theoperations of block 835 may be performed by the directory server module205 as described with reference to FIG. S.

At block 840, the central server 105 may identify a command received viaa web-based console as described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 840 may be performed by theconsole server module 510 as described with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 845, the central server 105 may receive a request for directoryaccess from a server agent located on a remote device as describe withreference to FIGS. 1 and 4. In certain examples, the operations of block845 may be performed by the agent server module 515 as described withreference to FIG. 5.

At block 850, the central server 105 may transmit data to the serveragent in response to the request for directory access based at least inpart on the identified command as described with reference to FIGS. 1and 4. In certain examples, the operations of block 850 may be performedby the agent server module 515 as described with reference to FIG. 5.

FIG. 9 illustrates a method 900 for multitenant directory management inaccordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Theoperations of method 900 may be implemented by various servers anddevices within a system, as described with reference to FIGS. 1-6. Insome examples, one or more servers, such as central server 105, mayexecute a set of codes to control the functional elements of servers anddevices with the system 100 to perform the functions described below.Additionally or alternatively, the central server 105 may performaspects the functions described below using special-purpose hardware.The method 800 may also incorporate aspects of methods 700 and 800 ofFIGS. 7 and 8.

At block 905, the central server 105 may access a directory at thecentral server. where the directory comprises IT resources for aplurality or customers as described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 905 may be performed by thedirectory server module 205 as described with reference to FIGS. 2 and5.

At block 910, the central server 105 may activate a first device of theplurality of devices as described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 910 may be performed by thedirectory server module 205 as described with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 915, the central server 105 may transmit a first portion of thedirectory from the central server to the first device, where the firstportion of the directory includes IT resources for a first customer ofthe plurality of customers as described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 915 may be performed by thedirectory server module 205 or network communications module 535 asdescribed with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 920, the central server 105 may transmit a second portion ofthe directory from the central server to the first device, where thesecond portion of the directory comprises IT resources for a secondcustomer of the plurality of customers as described with reference toFIGS. 1-4. In certain examples, the operations of block 920 may beperformed by the directory server module 205 or network communicationsmodule 535 as described with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 925, the central server 105 may activate a second device of theplurality of devices based at least in part on a system load from theplurality of customers as described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 925 may be performed by thedirectory server module 205 or network communications module 535 asdescribed with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 930, the central server 105 may transmit the first and secondportions of the directory to the second device as described in FIGS.1-4. In certain examples, the operations of block 930 may be performedby the directory server module 205 or network communications module 535as described with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 935, the central server 105 or one or more devices 115 mayauthenticate a first user for access to the first portion of thedirectory at the first and second devices utilizing a first protocol asdescribed with reference to FIGS. 1-4. In certain examples, theoperations of block 935 may be performed by the directory server module205 as described with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 940, the central server 105 may authenticate a second user foraccess to the second portion of the directory at the first edge andsecond devices utilizing the first protocol as described with referenceto FIGS. 1-4. In certain examples, the operations of block 940 may beperformed by the directory server module 205 as described with referenceto FIG. 5.

At block 945, the central server 105 or the authentication server 145,or both, may authenticate a third user for access to the first or secondportion of the directory utilizing a second protocol that is differentfrom the first protocol as described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 945 may be performed by thedirectory server module 205 as described with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 950, the central server 105 may communicate with anauthentication server that supports authentication using the secondprotocol, where the third user may be authenticated via a request to theauthentication server as described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 950 may be performed by thenetwork communications module 535 as described with reference to FIG. 5.

FIG. 10 illustrates a method 1000 for multitenant directory managementin accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. Theoperations of method 1000 may be implemented by various servers anddevices within a system, as described with reference to FIGS. 1-6. Insome examples, one or more servers, such as central server 105, mayexecute a set of codes to control the functional elements of servers anddevices with the system 100 to perform the functions described below.Additionally or alternatively, the central server 105 may performaspects the functions described below using special-purpose hardware.The method 800 may also incorporate aspects of methods 700, 800, and 900of FIGS. 7, 8, and 9.

At block 1005, the central server 105 may access a directory at thecentral server, where the directory comprises IT resources for aplurality of customers as described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 1005 may be performed by thedirectory server module 205 as described with reference to FIGS. 2 and5.

At block 1010, the central server 105 may activate a first device of theplurality of devices as described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 1010 may be performed by thedirectory server module 205 as described with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 1015, the central server 105 may transmit a first portion ofthe directory from the central server to the first device, where thefirst portion of the directory includes IT resources for a firstcustomer of the plurality of customers as described with reference toFIGS. 1-4. In certain examples, the operations of block 1015 may beperformed by the directory server module 205 or network communicationsmodule 535 as described with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 1020, the central server 105 may transmit a second portion ofthe directory from the central server to the first device, where thesecond portion of the directory comprises IT resources for a secondcustomer of the plurality of customers as described with reference toFIGS. 1-4. In certain examples, the operations of block 1020 may beperformed by the directory server module 205 or network communicationsmodule 535 as described with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 1025, the central server 105 may activate a second device ofthe plurality of devices based at least in part on a system load fromthe plurality of customers as described with reference to FIGS. 1-4. Incertain examples, the operations of block 1025 may be performed by thedirectory server module 205 or network communications module 535 asdescribed with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 1030, the central server 105 may transmit the first and secondportions of the directory to the second device as described in FIGS.1-4. In certain examples, the operations of block 1030 may be performedby the directory server module 205 or network communications module 535as described with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 1035, the central server 105 or one or more devices 115 mayauthenticate a first user for access to the first portion of thedirectory at the first and second devices utilizing a first protocol asdescribed with reference to FIGS. 1-4. In certain examples, theoperations of block 1035 may be performed by the directory server module205 as described with reference to FIG. 5.

At block 1040, the central server 105 and one or more devices 115 maytransmit the first portion of the directory from the first device to aportion of an on-premises server of the first customer as described inFIGS. 1 and 4. In certain examples, the operations of block 1040 may beperformed by the directory server module 205 and the networkcommunications module 535 as described with reference to FIG. 5, or thefirst customer directory module 605 and the network communicationsmodule 635 as describe with reference to FIG. 6.

At block 1045, the central server 105 may communicate with asingle-sign-on server to support identity assertion to a third party onbehalf of a customer of the plurality of customers as described withreference to FIGS. 1 and 4. The identity assertion may be based at leastin part on the single-sign-on server accessing the directory. In certainexamples, the operations of block 1040 may be performed by the directoryserver module 205 and the network communications module 535 as describedwith reference to FIG. 5.

Thus, methods 700, 800, 900 and 1000 may provide for multitenantdirectory management, which may utilize an integrated hosted directory.It should be noted that methods 700, 800, 900 and 1000 describe possibleimplementations, and that the operations and the steps, may berearranged or otherwise modified such that other implementations arepossible. In some examples, aspects from two or more of the methods 700,800, 900 and 1000 may be combined.

The description herein provides examples, and is not limiting of thescope, applicability, or examples set forth in the claims. Changes maybe made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed withoutdeparting from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit,substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate.Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combinedin other examples.

The description set forth herein, in connection with the appendeddrawings, describes example configurations and does not represent allthe examples that may be implemented or that are within the scope of theclaims. The term “exemplary” as may used herein means “serving as anexample, instance, or illustration,” and not “preferred” or“advantageous over other examples.” The detailed description includesspecific details for the purpose of providing an understanding of thedescribed techniques. These techniques, however, may be practicedwithout these specific details. In some instances, well-known structuresand devices are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuringthe concepts of the described examples.

In the appended figures, similar components or features may have thesame reference label. Further, various components of the same type maybe distinguished by following the reference label by a dash and a secondlabel that distinguishes among the similar components. If just the firstreference label is used in the specification, the descript is applicableto any one of the similar components having the same first referencelabel irrespective of the second reference label.

Information and signals described herein may be represented using any ofa variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data,instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chipsthat may be referenced throughout the above description may berepresented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magneticfields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combinationthereof.

The various illustrative blocks and modules described in connection withthe disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with ageneral-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmablelogic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardwarecomponents, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functionsdescribed herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor,but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor,controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also beimplemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combinationof a digital signal processor (DSP) and a microprocessor, multiplemicroprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSPcore, or any other such configuration).

The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, softwareexecuted by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. Ifimplemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may bestored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on acomputer-readable medium, Other examples and implementations are withinthe scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to thenature of software, functions described above can be implemented usingsoftware executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, orcombinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may alsobe physically located at various positions, including being distributedsuch that portions of functions are implemented at different physicallocations. Also, as used herein, including in the claims, “or” as usedin a list of items (for example, a list of items prefaced by a phrasesuch as “at least one of” or “one or more of”) indicates an inclusivelist such, that. for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C meansA or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C).

Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storagemedia and communication media including any medium that facilitatestransfer of a computer program from one place to another. Anon-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that can beaccessed by a general purpose or special purpose computer. By way ofexample, and not limitation, non-transitory computer-readable media cancomprise RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable read only memory(EEPROM), compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magneticdisk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any othernon-transitory medium that can be used to carry or store desired programcode means in the form of instructions or data structures and that canbe accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or ageneral-purpose or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection isproperly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the softwareis transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using acoaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line(DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and, microwave,then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, orwireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave areincluded in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein,include CD, laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD),floppy disk and flu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce datamagnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers.Combinations of the above are also included within the scope ofcomputer-readable media.

The description herein is provided to enable a person skilled in the artto make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosurewill be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the genericprinciples defined herein may be applied to other variations withoutdeparting from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is notto be limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to beaccorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novelfeatures disclosed herein.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of multitenant directory managementwithin a networked computing system comprising a central server, another server, and a plurality of devices, the method comprising:transferring one or more information technology (IT) resources betweenthe other server and the central server; accessing a multitenantdirectory at the central server, wherein the multitenant directorycomprises a mapping between user identities and the transferred one ormere resources for a plurality of organizations, and wherein eachorganization of the plurality of organizations comprises a plurality ofusers, wherein at least one of the transferred one or more IT resourcesof the plurality of organizations includes file systems; activating afirst device of the plurality of devices; transmitting at least a firstportion of the multitenant directory from the other server to the firstdevice via the central server, wherein the first portion of themultitenant directory comprises references to a first set of thetransferred one or more IT resources for a first organization of theplurality of organizations; and providing an indication to thetransferred one or more IT resources that a first user of the firstorganization of the plurality of organizations has permission to accessthe first portion of the multitenant directory at the first deviceutilizing a first protocol.
 2. The method of claim wherein transferringthe one or more IT resources between the other server and the centralserver comprises: referencing, at the central server, the one or more ITresources at the other server.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the atleast one of the transferred one or more IT resources of the pluralityof organizations further includes a computing device, an application, ora combination thereof.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein transferringthe one or more IT resources between the other server and the centralserver comprises: transmitting the one or more IT resources from thecentral server to the other server.
 5. The method of claim 1, whereintransferring the one or more IT resources between the other server andthe central server comprises: receiving the one or more IT resources atthe central server from the other server.
 6. The method of claim 1,further comprising: activating a second device of the plurality ofdevices based at least in part on a system load from the plurality oforganizations; and transmitting the at least first portion of themultitenant directory to the second device.
 7. The method of claim 6,further comprising: authenticating the first user of the firstorganization of the plurality of organizations for access to the atleast first portion of the multitenant directory at the first deviceutilizing the first protocol; and authenticating a second user of thefirst organization for access to the at least first portion of themultitenant directory utilizing a second protocol that is different fromthe first protocol.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising:identifying a command received via a web-based console; receiving arequest for directory access from a server agent located, on a remotedevice; and transmitting data to the server agent in response to therequest for directory access based at least in part on the identifiedcommand.
 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: transmitting theat least first portion of the multitenant directory from the firstdevice to a portion of an on-premises server of the first organization,wherein the portion of the on-premises server includes an LDAP syncreplica.
 10. The method of claim 1, further comprising: communicatingwith a single-sign-on server to support identity assertion to a thirdparty on behalf of at least one organization of the plurality oforganizations, wherein the identity assertion is based at least in parton the single-sign-on server accessing the multitenant directory, andwherein the single-sign-on server utilizes at least one of SecurityAssertion Markup Language (SAML), OpenID, or OAuth.
 11. A system formultitenant directory management, comprising: a hardware-implementedcentral server configured to transfer one or more information technology(IT) resources to or from an other server, the central servercomprising: a multitenant directory that comprises a mapping betweenuser identities and the transferred one or more IT resources for aplurality of organizations, wherein each organization of the pluralityof organizations comprises a plurality of users, wherein at least one ofthe transferred one or more IT resources for at least one organizationof the plurality of organizations includes file systems; a directoryserver that supports access to the multitenant directory, via thecentral server, using a first protocol; a console server in electroniccommunication with the directory server wherein the console serverprovides a user interface for web-based access to the multitenantdirectory; an agent server in electronic communication with thedirectory server and the console server, wherein the agent servercontrols server agents located on remote devices and supports agentaccess to the multitenant directory; a first device in electroniccommunication with the directory server, wherein the first devicesupports access to the multitenant directory, via the central server,using the first protocol, and wherein the first device hosts at least afirst portion of the multitenant directory for a first organization ofthe plurality of organizations; and an authentication server inelectronic communication with the central server, wherein theauthentication server is configured to provide art indication to thetransferred one or more IT resources that a first user of the firstorganization has permission to access the first portion of themultitenant directory at the first device using the first protocol. 12.The system of claim 11, wherein the transferring the one or more ITresources between the other server and the central server comprises:referencing, at the central server, the one or more IT resources at theother server.
 13. The system of claim 11, further comprising: a seconddevice in electronic communication with the directory server andoperable to activate if a system load from the plurality oforganizations is greater than a first threshold and to deactivate if thesystem load from the plurality of organizations is less than a secondthreshold, wherein the second device supports access to the multitenantdirectory using the first protocol, and wherein the second device hoststhe at least first portion of the multitenant directory for the firstorganization or for a second organization, or both.
 14. The system ofclaim 11, further comprising: a remote authentication server inelectronic communication with the first device, wherein the remoteauthentication server authenticates guest users or virtual privatenetwork users, or both, for access to the at least first portion of themultitenant directory.
 15. The system of claim 11, further comprising: aserver agent in communication with the agent server and located on adevice of a user of the plurality of organizations.
 16. The system ofclaim 11, wherein the at least one of the transferred one or more ITresources of the plurality of organizations further includes a computingdevice, an application, or a combination thereof.
 17. A method ofmultitenant directory management within a networked computing systemcomprising a central server and a plurality of devices, the methodcomprising: accessing a multitenant directory at the central server,wherein the multitenant directory comprises a mapping between useridentities and one or more information technology (IT) resources for aplurality of organizations, and wherein each organization of theplurality of organizations comprises a plurality of users, wherein atleast one of the one or more IT resources for at least one organizationof the plurality of organizations includes file systems; activating afirst device of the plurality of devices; transmitting at least a firstportion of the multitenant directory from the central server to thefirst device, wherein the at least first portion of the multitenantdirectory comprises references to a first set of the one or more ITresources for a first organization of the plurality of organizations;authenticating a first user of the first organization of the pluralityof organizations for access to the at least first portion of themultitenant directory at the first device utilizing a first protocol,wherein the authenticating is based at least in part on the first userof the first organization being assigned a permission, and wherein theauthenticating comprises: providing an indication to the one or more ofthe IT resources that the first user of the first organization isassigned the permission; and de-authenticating the first user of thefirst organization of the plurality of organizations for access to theat least first portion of the multitenant directory at the first device,wherein the de-authentication is based at least in part on thepermission being revoked due to an occurrence of one or more eventswithin a threshold time.
 18. The method of claim 17, further comprising:transmitting a second portion of the multitenant directory from thecentral server to the first device, wherein the second portion of themultitenant directory comprises references to a second set of the one ormore IT resources for a second organization of the plurality oforganizations.
 19. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or moreevents includes the first user of the first organization attempting toaccess the at least first portion of the multitenant directory multipletimes.
 20. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more eventsincludes the first user of the first organization attempting to accessthe at least first portion of the multitenant directory from multiple IPaddresses.